Temperature, Density, and Specific Gravity of Water

1. Temperature vs. Density (ρ)

• As temperature increases, the density of water decreases due to thermal expansion.
• Water is most dense at 4°C (ρ ≈ 1000 kg/m³).
• Below and above 4°C, density decreases.
• Near the boiling point (100°C), density drops significantly (≈958 kg/m³).
• At the critical point (374.14°C), water’s density is much lower (≈322 kg/m³).

2. Density vs. Specific Gravity (SG)

• For water, SG is always 1.000 at the reference temperature (commonly 4°C or 60°F).
• At other temperatures, SG can be computed as: